COPD Risks in Childhood

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease defined by trouble moving air in and out of the airways. This trouble can be caused by lung tissue damage or excess mucus blocking the airways. COPD is called chronic because it is caused by long-term exposures, worsens over time, and does not have a cure.¹

Most people living with COPD are adults. But risk factors for developing COPD may start as far back as childhood.¹

What is COPD?

In COPD, airflow in the lungs is restricted. Types of COPD include emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Commonly, phlegm or mucus clogs up the lungs. People living with COPD often have a chronic cough with thick mucus (sputum). Breathing through a restricted airway can cause a high-pitched whistling noise called wheezing.²

It also takes much more energy to breathe through tight airways. In later stages of COPD, the condition may become so severe that blood oxygen levels drop. This can result in fatigue.²

Smoking

In America and similar countries, tobacco smoking causes 70 percent of the cases of COPD. Studies have shown that people who start smoking in a certain window of time are more likely to become longtime smokers and develop COPD. The people with the highest risk of developing COPD are those who begin smoking before age 15. Starting to smoke between ages 15 and 19 also increases COPD risk.^2,3

Inhaling secondhand smoke on a regular basis also can raise COPD risk. So, children who live in a household with a smoker are more likely to develop COPD.²

In less developed countries, smoking causes only 30 to 40 percent of COPD cases. The biggest risk factor in these countries is household air pollution. Burning wood or coal to heat a house can give off dangerous levels of smoke. Growing up in this environment can increase a child’s lifetime risk for COPD.²

Underdeveloped lungs

Lung health in childhood can affect lung health in adulthood. The lungs are one of the last organs to develop. Because of this, premature babies are born with underdeveloped lungs. They often need ventilators to breathe for them or pressurized air to help them keep their lungs open.²

These children may continue to have respiratory problems throughout their life because of their underdeveloped lungs or damage from these treatments. This can later develop into COPD.²

Infections or asthma

The lungs continue to mature long after you are born. Very early lung infections can cause damage during this important time. This damage can then make it easier to develop more infections throughout childhood.⁴

People who have many respiratory infections or asthma as children may experience lung damage that develops into COPD in adulthood. This all adds up throughout your life and increases your COPD risk.^2,4

Genetic risk factors

There are also a few rare genetic disorders that can lead to COPD. The most well-known genetic disorder is called alpha-1 antitrypsin disorder. In this disease, the body is unable to make the alpha-1 antitrypsin protein, which works to protect the lungs. Without it, other proteins in the body can damage the lungs.⁵

How can I protect my child from COPD?

The most important thing you can do to prevent COPD is to focus on your child’s lung health throughout their life. Smoking and vaping can be very damaging to the lungs. If they do not smoke, they should not start. If they do smoke, try to help them cut back how often they smoke. Even smoking 1 fewer cigarette a day is a move in the right direction.²

Also, protect your child from dangerous indoor chemicals with masks or proper ventilation. Research ways to prevent inhaling dangerous chemicals at home.²

If you have more questions about COPD or think your child may be at risk for developing COPD, talk to your doctor.